Tuesday, June 10, 2014

Review of stock history data::What Is the Historical Average Stock Market Return Rate ...







Review of stock history data::What Is the Historical Average Stock Market Return Rate ...








The               authors               of               a               paper               published               by               NBER               on               March               2000               and               titled               "The               Foundations               of               Technical               Analysis"               -               Andrew               Lo,               Harry               Mamaysky,               and               Jiang               Wang               -               claim               that:               "Technical               analysis,               also               known               as               'charting',               has               been               part               of               financial               practice               for               many               decades,               but               this               discipline               has               not               received               the               same               level               of               academic               scrutiny               and               acceptance               as               more               traditional               approaches               such               as               fundamental               analysis.
               One               of               the               main               obstacles               is               the               highly               subjective               nature               of               technical               analysis               -               the               presence               of               geometric               shapes               in               historical               price               charts               is               often               in               the               eyes               of               the               beholder.

In               this               paper               we               offer               a               systematic               and               automatic               approach               to               technical               pattern               recognition               ...

and               apply               the               method               to               a               large               number               of               US               stocks               from               1962               to               1996..."
               And               the               conclusion:
               "               ...

Over               the               31-year               sample               period,               several               technical               indicators               do               provide               incremental               information               and               may               have               some               practical               value."
               These               hopeful               inferences               are               supported               by               the               work               of               other               scholars,               such               as               Paul               Weller               of               the               Finance               Department               of               the               university               of               Iowa.

While               he               admits               the               limitations               of               technical               analysis               -               it               is               a-theoretic               and               data               intensive,               pattern               over-fitting               can               be               a               problem,               its               rules               are               often               difficult               to               interpret,               and               the               statistical               testing               is               cumbersome               -               he               insists               that               "trading               rules               are               picking               up               patterns               in               the               data               not               accounted               for               by               standard               statistical               models"               and               that               the               excess               returns               thus               generated               are               not               simply               a               risk               premium.
               Technical               analysts               have               flourished               and               waned               in               line               with               the               stock               exchange               bubble.

They               and               their               multi-colored               charts               regularly               graced               CNBC,               the               CNN               and               other               market-driving               channels.

"The               Economist"               found               that               many               successful               fund               managers               have               regularly               resorted               to               technical               analysis               -               including               George               Soros'               Quantum               Hedge               fund               and               Fidelity's               Magellan.

Technical               analysis               may               experience               a               revival               now               that               corporate               accounts               -               the               fundament               of               fundamental               analysis               -               have               been               rendered               moot               by               seemingly               inexhaustible               scandals.
               The               field               is               the               progeny               of               Charles               Dow               of               Dow               Jones               fame               and               the               founder               of               the               "Wall               Street               Journal".

He               devised               a               method               to               discern               cyclical               patterns               in               share               prices.

Other               sages               -               such               as               Elliott               -               put               forth               complex               "wave               theories".

Technical               analysts               now               regularly               employ               dozens               of               geometric               configurations               in               their               divinations.
               Technical               analysis               is               defined               thus               in               "The               Econometrics               of               Financial               Markets",               a               1997               textbook               authored               by               John               Campbell,               Andrew               Lo,               and               Craig               MacKinlay:
               "An               approach               to               investment               management               based               on               the               belief               that               historical               price               series,               trading               volume,               and               other               market               statistics               exhibit               regularities               -               often               ...

in               the               form               of               geometric               patterns               ...

that               can               be               profitably               exploited               to               extrapolate               future               price               movements."
               A               less               fanciful               definition               may               be               the               one               offered               by               Edwards               and               Magee               in               "Technical               Analysis               of               Stock               Trends":
               "The               science               of               recording,               usually               in               graphic               form,               the               actual               history               of               trading               (price               changes,               volume               of               transactions,               etc.)               in               a               certain               stock               or               in               'the               averages'               and               then               deducing               from               that               pictured               history               the               probable               future               trend."
               Fundamental               analysis               is               about               the               study               of               key               statistics               from               the               financial               statements               of               firms               as               well               as               background               information               about               the               company's               products,               business               plan,               management,               industry,               the               economy,               and               the               marketplace.
               Economists,               since               the               1960's,               sought               to               rebuff               technical               analysis.

Markets,               they               say,               are               efficient               and               "walk"               randomly.

Prices               reflect               all               the               information               known               to               market               players               -               including               all               the               information               pertaining               to               the               future.

Technical               analysis               has               often               been               compared               to               voodoo,               alchemy,               and               astrology               -               for               instance               by               Burton               Malkiel               in               his               seminal               work,               "A               Random               Walk               Down               Wall               Street".
               The               paradox               is               that               technicians               are               more               orthodox               than               the               most               devout               academic.

They               adhere               to               the               strong               version               of               market               efficiency.

The               market               is               so               efficient,               they               say,               that               nothing               can               be               gleaned               from               fundamental               analysis.

All               fundamental               insights,               information,               and               analyses               are               already               reflected               in               the               price.

This               is               why               one               can               deduce               future               prices               from               past               and               present               ones.
               Jack               Schwager,               sums               it               up               in               his               book               "Schwager               on               Futures:               Technical               Analysis",               quoted               by               Stockcharts.com:
               "One               way               of               viewing               it               is               that               markets               may               witness               extended               periods               of               random               fluctuation,               interspersed               with               shorter               periods               of               nonrandom               behavior.

The               goal               of               the               chartist               is               to               identify               those               periods               (i.e.

major               trends)."
               Not               so,               retort               the               fundamentalists.

The               fair               value               of               a               security               or               a               market               can               be               derived               from               available               information               using               mathematical               models               -               but               is               rarely               reflected               in               prices.

This               is               the               weak               version               of               the               market               efficiency               hypothesis.
               The               mathematically               convenient               idealization               of               the               efficient               market,               though,               has               been               debunked               in               numerous               studies.

These               are               efficiently               summarized               in               Craig               McKinlay               and               Andrew               Lo's               tome               "A               Non-random               Walk               Down               Wall               Street"               published               in               1999.
               Not               all               markets               are               strongly               efficient.

Most               of               them               sport               weak               or               "semi-strong"               efficiency.

In               some               markets,               a               filter               model               -               one               that               dictates               the               timing               of               sales               and               purchases               -               could               prove               useful.

This               is               especially               true               when               the               equilibrium               price               of               a               share               -               or               of               the               market               as               a               whole               -               changes               as               a               result               of               externalities.
               Substantive               news,               change               in               management,               an               oil               shock,               a               terrorist               attack,               an               accounting               scandal,               an               FDA               approval,               a               major               contract,               or               a               natural,               or               man-made               disaster               -               all               cause               share               prices               and               market               indices               to               break               the               boundaries               of               the               price               band               that               they               have               occupied.

Technical               analysts               identify               these               boundaries               and               trace               breakthroughs               and               their               outcomes               in               terms               of               prices.
               Technical               analysis               may               be               nothing               more               than               a               self-fulfilling               prophecy,               though.

The               more               devotees               it               has,               the               stronger               it               affects               the               shares               or               markets               it               analyses.

Investors               move               in               herds               and               are               inclined               to               seek               patterns               in               the               often               bewildering               marketplace.

As               opposed               to               the               assumptions               underlying               the               classic               theory               of               portfolio               analysis               -               investors               do               remember               past               prices.

They               hesitate               before               they               cross               certain               numerical               thresholds.
               But               this               herd               mentality               is               also               the               Achilles               heel               of               technical               analysis.

If               everyone               were               to               follow               its               guidance               -               it               would               have               been               rendered               useless.

If               everyone               were               to               buy               and               sell               at               the               same               time               -               based               on               the               same               technical               advice               -               price               advantages               would               have               been               arbitraged               away               instantaneously.

Technical               analysis               is               about               privileged               information               to               the               privileged               few               -               though               not               too               few,               lest               prices               are               not               swayed.
               Studies               cited               in               Edwin               Elton               and               Martin               Gruber's               "Modern               Portfolio               Theory               and               Investment               Analysis"               and               elsewhere               show               that               a               filter               model               -               trading               with               technical               analysis               -               is               preferable               to               a               "buy               and               hold"               strategy               but               inferior               to               trading               at               random.

Trading               against               recommendations               issued               by               a               technical               analysis               model               and               with               them               -               yielded               the               same               results.

Fama-Blum               discovered               that               the               advantage               proffered               by               such               models               is               identical               to               transaction               costs.
               The               proponents               of               technical               analysis               claim               that               rather               than               forming               investor               psychology               -               it               reflects               their               risk               aversion               at               different               price               levels.

Moreover,               the               borders               between               the               two               forms               of               analysis               -               technical               and               fundamental               -               are               less               sharply               demarcated               nowadays.

"Fundamentalists"               insert               past               prices               and               volume               data               in               their               models               -               and               "technicians"               incorporate               arcana               such               as               the               dividend               stream               and               past               earnings               in               theirs.
               It               is               not               clear               why               should               fundamental               analysis               be               considered               superior               to               its               technical               alternative.

If               prices               incorporate               all               the               information               known               and               reflect               it               -               predicting               future               prices               would               be               impossible               regardless               of               the               method               employed.

Conversely,               if               prices               do               not               reflect               all               the               information               available,               then               surely               investor               psychology               is               as               important               a               factor               as               the               firm's               -               now               oft-discredited               -               financial               statements?
               Prices,               after               all,               are               the               outcome               of               numerous               interactions               among               market               participants,               their               greed,               fears,               hopes,               expectations,               and               risk               aversion.

Surely               studying               this               emotional               and               cognitive               landscape               is               as               crucial               as               figuring               the               effects               of               cuts               in               interest               rates               or               a               change               of               CEO?
               Still,               even               if               we               accept               the               rigorous               version               of               market               efficiency               -               i.e.,               as               Aswath               Damodaran               of               the               Stern               Business               School               at               NYU               puts               it,               that               market               prices               are               "unbiased               estimates               of               the               true               value               of               investments"               -               prices               do               react               to               new               information               -               and,               more               importantly,               to               anticipated               information.

It               takes               them               time               to               do               so.

Their               reaction               constitutes               a               trend               and               identifying               this               trend               at               its               inception               can               generate               excess               yields.

On               this               both               fundamental               and               technical               analysis               are               agreed.
               Moreover,               markets               often               over-react:               they               undershoot               or               overshoot               the               "true               and               fair               value".

Fundamental               analysis               calls               this               oversold               and               overbought               markets.

The               correction               back               to               equilibrium               prices               sometimes               takes               years.

A               savvy               trader               can               profit               from               such               market               failures               and               excesses.
               As               quality               information               becomes               ubiquitous               and               instantaneous,               research               issued               by               investment               banks               discredited,               privileged               access               to               information               by               analysts               prohibited,               derivatives               proliferate,               individual               participation               in               the               stock               market               increases,               and               transaction               costs               turn               negligible               -               a               major               rethink               of               our               antiquated               financial               models               is               called               for.
               The               maverick               Andrew               Lo,               a               professor               of               finance               at               the               Sloan               School               of               Management               at               MIT,               summed               up               the               lure               of               technical               analysis               in               lyric               terms               in               an               interview               he               gave               to               Traders.com's               "Technical               Analysis               of               Stocks               and               Commodities",               quoted               by               Arthur               Hill               in               Stockcharts.com:
               "The               more               creativity               you               bring               to               the               investment               process,               the               more               rewarding               it               will               be.

The               only               way               to               maintain               ongoing               success,               however,               is               to               constantly               innovate.

That's               much               the               same               in               all               endeavors.

The               only               way               to               continue               making               money,               to               continue               growing               and               keeping               your               profit               margins               healthy,               is               to               constantly               come               up               with               new               ideas."






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